Executive Remuneration in Australian Companies Research Paper

Official Remuneration in Australian Companies - Research Paper Example Subsequently the Australian Government strategy objectives chiefly rely upon the compensation practice, particularly the commitment and casting a ballot exercises of the organizations. Anyway this exploration proposition would show the investors' enthusiasm on building up a powerful official compensation system for chiefs and administrators and distinguish a successful compensation system in Australia which is required for improvement and straightforwardness of the compensation procedure and practice in a causal possibility structure of assembly/dissimilarity. Hypothetical and applied structures on official compensation for chiefs of Australian organizations and administrators have been created throughout the years to help productivity speculation which perpetually verges on the need to build estimation of the firm in conformance with basic achievement factors. As indicated by Chartered Secretaries Australia (CSA), chiefs and official compensation levels and structure have frequently been affected by the presence of an assortment of variables like network and political concerns, rules and guidelines, code of training and rules, showcase trade rules and bookkeeping norms. Under the segment 9 of the Corporation Act characterizes compensation of official as compensation if and just if the advantage, were it gotten by an executive of the organization, would be compensation of the chief for the reasons for a bookkeeping standard that manages exposure in organizations' monetary reports of data about executives' compensation (Australian Corporati on and Securities Legislation, 2009). The compensation to all the officials in an association can be clarified as the total or total of the installments accepting by all the administrators including Directors, CEO, and Managers from an organization or an enterprise. In this way it comprises of the typical installments to the officials, for example, essential compensation, all motivating forces, extra, shares and some other advantages, for example, stipends. Official compensation is a significant component of corporate administration and the degree of advantages are deciding by the top managerial staff. The assurance of the degree of the pay of all these key people in go with is an unpredictable procedure to the

Romantic Vs. Rationalist Essays - Lecturers, German Idealism

Sentimental Vs. Pragmatist Essays - Lecturers, German Idealism Sentimental Vs. Pragmatist Sentimentalism and Rationalism Sentimentalism started in the mid-eighteenth century and arrived at its stature in the nineteenth century. The Romantic writing of the nineteenth century holds in its subjects the goals of the timeframe, focusing on feeling, nature, and the declaration of nothing. The Romantic time was one that centered around the shared characteristic of mankind and, while utilizing feeling and nature; the artists and their works shed light on individuals' widespread natures. Sentimentalism as a development declined in the late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century with the developing strength of Realism in the writing and the fast headway of science and innovation. Be that as it may, Romanticism was impressionative on most people during now is the right time. Logic or Realism was raised during the mid nineteenth century. Authenticity are thoughts that are raised in philosophical reasoning. The sensible development of the late nineteenth century saw creators precisely delineate life and it's issues. Pragmatists endeavored to give a far reaching image of current life by introducing the whole picture. They didn't attempt to give one perspective on life yet rather endeavored to show the various classes, habits, and delineation of life. The Rationalist perceives that they should ace their own predetermination, utilizing their novel forces of reason and the logical strategy to take care of issues. Such creators that speak to these two periods are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth and Charles Darwin. Sentimental people accepted that one expected to comprehend nature to get oneself. At the end of the day, just through nature would one be able to find what their identity is. Emerson shows this in his composing called Nature. In the apply man sees fairly as delightful as his own temperament. This portrays Emerson's emotions toward nature; see nature as you see yourself. On the off chance that one perspectives nature as mindful and sympathetic, one will likewise consider themselves to be mindful and caring. Correspondingly on the off chance that you comprehend nature you will realize yourself better. As one additions insight from nature, one starts to understand that understanding is an entryway to the celestial just as to oneself. Different authors additionally concurred with this thought of nature. In the article Walden by Thoreau, Thoreau had left society to move into a safe house outside of his town. By living on just the necessities he carried on with his life as basic as possible, subsequently finding the awesome inside himself. By being isolated from society and being unified with yourself are the main ways one can locate the heavenly. Thoreau felt by doing this general public would make some harder memories to shape him into what it needed him to think. Thoreau left an existence of extravagance for deliberate destitution. Despite the fact that he was less fortunate in his outward wealth he was well off in his internal wealth. A decent number of sentimental perspectives on Nature recommended utilizing Nature as ones apparatus to learn. This is clear in William Wordsworth's sonnet The Tables Turned. In the sonnet The Tables Turned Wordsworth states to stop your books [for it is] a dull and perpetual strife[;] enough of Science; close up those infertile leaves. Wordsworth accepted piece that books were pointless to gain from. He accepted that we should Let Nature be [our] Teacher [for it]may show you a greater amount of man [and] moral great and evil[, more] than all the sages can. Wordsworth concurred with the past idea that to comprehend the heavenly and oneself, they should initially begin with getting Nature. This View of considering Nature is made one stride further by Charles Darwin. Maybe the most engaging nature of Darwin's work was that it represented marvel in a simply naturalistic way. It was the most logical clarification yet, totally evacuating the otherworldly clarification, and separating him from the scholars before him. The major agitated logical inquiry of Darwin's Theory was be with respect to characteristic choice as the component for change, which turned into the issue among the overall population also. It took quite a long while for the possibility of normal determination to get acknowledged inside established researchers. Darwin's work was not promptly acknowledged as science. One might say, he was progressive, not only for proposing a clarification of development that expelled the extraordinary component, yet in addition for the way that he had the option to introduce his plans to

How Skin Picking Shares Similarities With OCD

How Skin Picking Shares Similarities With OCD OCD Types Print How Pathologic Skin Picking Is Related to OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 17, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on December 13, 2019 Science Photo Library / Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Prevalence Link to OCD Differential Diagnosis Treatments View All Back To Top Pathologic skin picking,  or excoriation, is a mental illness in which you compulsively pick your skin to remove small irregularities such as moles or freckles, causing skin lesions. Its classified as a disorder thats related to  obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD) and its symptoms certainly share some similarities with those found in OCD.?? Symptoms of Pathologic Skin Picking The main characteristic of pathologic skin picking also referred to as excoriation or dermatillomania, is repetitive or compulsive picking, or even digging, in the skin to the point of causing skin damage, scarring and/or infection??. It is not uncommon for people with skin picking to engage in picking for several hours per day. As a result, people with pathologic skin picking often have difficulty maintaining steady employment or interpersonal relationships. When picking, people may use their fingers, tweezers, pins or other instruments to remove a perceived blemish. Common areas of focus include the face, back, neck, and scalp. Although picking can involve normal skin, picking is most commonly triggered by small blemishes, imperfections, scabs, and insect bites. Symptoms of skin picking can be similar to those of OCD.?? Prior to picking, many people describe a compulsion-like urge to pick at imperfections in the skin and a relief of anxiety when the imperfection is removed. Later, however, the person may feel shame or be embarrassed about his picking, which can often lead to depression. Prevalence Approximately 2 to 4 percent of the population is affected by pathological skin picking.?? Interestingly, most people seeking treatment are female. Skin picking can start at any age but usually begins in adolescence with the onset of skin conditions such as acne, eczema, or psoriasis. Skin picking, or excoriation, is diagnosed when the individual has tried unsuccessfully to lessen or even stop the picking, which causes excessive distress and anxiety and impairs daily functioning.?? Link to OCD Not surprisingly, there appears to be a strong link between skin picking and OCD.?? Skin picking occurs in people with OCD at a much higher rate than the general population. Also, skin picking is often tied to body dysmorphic disorder, which involves a preoccupation with imagined bodily defects.?? So while its not technically OCD, skin picking is classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) as an obsessive-compulsive related disorder.?? Differential Diagnosis Before making a diagnosis of dermatillomania, in other words, skin picking as a mental health disorder related to OCD, its important to rule out other possible causes of the picking.?? Its also important to note that all picking is pathological. Picking that is considered on the spectrum of OCD usually causes significant distress and impairment of ordinary activities. Some problems which could be mistaken for picking include:?? Skin infections such as  scabies. Scabies can be extremely itchy, but it often missed when it occurs in well-groomed middle-class people. The scratching which almost always accompanies the itch can obscure the diagnosis.Skin diseases such as eczema.Systemic (bodywide) diseases. Elevated bilirubin levels from liver disease can cause intense itching. Itching may also accompany many other medical conditions.Chemical dependency on drug use or withdrawal. Treatments for Skin Picking Skin picking often causes considerable embarrassment and distress as a result of the unsightly wounds caused by picking, as well as the lengths the affected person may have to go to conceal her picking, such as wearing long sleeves during warm summer months or covering her face with a scarf. Unfortunately, many people do not seek treatment because of the embarrassment associated with skin picking. This can be dangerous or even life-threatening as people often require medical interventions for their skin wounds, which can easily become infected.?? Find Relief From These Online Therapy Programs Skin picking appears to respond best to treatment with cognitive-behavior therapy  (CBT). Medications, often selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors  (SSRIs) may be needed.?? If you are experiencing symptoms that you think might be skin picking, be sure to talk to your doctor or mental health professional.

Review Of The Movie Stranger - 904 Words

Comedy is a way of using jokes, dialogue, or actions to make an audience laugh. The movie Stranger Than Fiction uses comedy constantly during the course of the movie. The movie is about a man named Harold Crick that is living an ordinary life as an IRS Auditor. He begins to hear a narrator narrate his entire life and his future. He then goes crazy and gets assigned to audit a baker. The baker, Ana Pascal, starts to hate Harold because of his job but soon falls in love with him throughout this funny and sort of romantic movie. Harold finds out he is going to die by the narrator in the second half of the movie and starts to panic. He wants answers on how he’s going to die and when he is going to die. This movie may sound like a serious romantic movie by reading the summary but, it’s actually mainly known as a Comedy. There are many types of comedy used throughout this movie but, the types that were used the most in Stranger Than Fiction was Observational Comedy, Situation al Comedy, and Tragicomedy. In the beginning of the movie director, Marc Forster, uses Observational Comedy to make fun of Harold’s life. Throughout the first ten minutes of the movie the narrator is telling the audience about Harold’s boring dead-end life. The narrator begins to talk about how boring his job is, how weirdly organized he is, and how lonely he is. This comedy makes fun of how Harold lives his simple life and how he might have no future. Soon he begins to hear this narrator and starts to panic.Show MoreRelatedMovie Review : Pirates Of The Caribbean On Stranger Tides 1914 Words   |  8 Pages504563970 Professor Jonathan Kuntz TA, M. M. 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However, what happens when you’re older and talk to strangers that are adults, expecting them to be mature and filled with righteous behavior, and figure out that you were wrong and now find yourself abducted from everything that you ever knew. Some people experience this trauma and never make it out to tell their tale, while others’ do, the story of ElisabethRead MoreImpact Of Digital Media On Cinema1690 Words   |  7 Pagesof appealing promotional materials, or keep them at home by offering them cinema experience at home. Production The first and foremost change lies in the way films are produced. Films productions become easier than ever that ‘anyone can make a movie’ (Hanson 2008, p. 264). Digital cameras have been gradually replacing traditional cameras due to its advantages: cost–saving and time–saving. Traditional cameras are limited to the number and length of shots that can be taken, while digital camerasRead More Pulp Strikes Back Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand some interesting director decisions make Pulp Fiction a cult classic. Pulp Fiction refers to a genre of American paperbacks produced from the late 30s to mid-50s, typically lurid in subject matter designed merely to entertain. Likewise, the movie takes a shocking though comedic glance at the greed, violence, and drama surrounding the Los Angeles crime scene. Mike LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said, The tone is darkly comic in the face of almost operatic violence.† Vincent Vega (JohnRead More Slasher Movies: Female Victims or Survivors? Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pageswhen she should be running out the front door. It’s insulting,† claims the character Sidney, in the movie Scream (1996). This stereotype is what many movie fans and critics believe when the topic of slasher films arise. Slasher films normally include a psychotic killer (either real or supernatural), a number of victims (often female), and usually the only person alive at the end of the movie is a female. Yet, one has to question these stereotypes. Are slasher films really that degrading towards

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Essay - 1328 Words

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-centered therapy that is used to address psychopathology within the individual (Beck, 1995). This model of therapy is used to address issues of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relational problems, and drug abuse, and can be utilized when working with individuals, as well as within group and family modalities. The core aspects of this therapy include collaboration and participation by the client, a strong alliance between therapist and client, and an initial focus on current problems and functioning (Beck, 1995). The theory of CBT emphasizes the relationship between the individual’s thoughts feelings and behaviors, which is seen as being the underlying cause of†¦show more content†¦Once an automatic thought occurs within the individual, it triggers a feeling, which in turn triggers the individual’s response, such as a behavior and/or physiological response. For example, after a young child be gins to pick up his blocks to be put away, his mother rubs him on the back and gives him praise for his actions. His automatic thought may be, â€Å"I am good when I put away blocks,† triggering a feeling of confidence, an increased level of physical energy, and the behavior of putting away the remaining blocks. Automatic thoughts can be neutral, positive, or negative. We all have our own automatic thoughts as we move through our day-to-day lives and interact with others. In regards to individuals with psychological disorders, the cognitive model looks at how negative thoughts influence the individual’s feelings and behaviors (Beck, 1995). From a CBT lens, it is the negative automatic thoughts that an individual has that perpetuate symptoms of psychological disorders, the occurrence of negative mood, uncomfortable physiological responses, and maladaptive or inappropriate behaviors (Beck, 1995). While we all have moments of experiencing negative automatic thoughts, for those with psychological disorders, and more pervasive difficulties in living, negative thoughts are often experienced in situations that are neutral, producing negative feelings that lead to maladaptive behaviors or responses that would notShow MoreRelatedBehavioral Theories And Cognitive Behavioral Theory1834 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The two theories chosen to take a closer look into are Behavioral Theory and Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Behavioral Theory focuses on how human behavior is based on direct consequences due to the environment in which one is in. Cognitive Behavioral theory is to help an individual deal with the thinking process and the problem solving. Taking a closer look into a case study for women in prison who deliberately inflict self-harm and how cognitive-behavior therapy help them through and understandRead MoreCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory929 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theory ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory PCN 500 Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory Overview There are many definitions of counseling, but most share the same idea: it is when one person helps another. To me counseling represents one word more than any other: Change. One person is unhappy with some area of their life and wants it to change while the other person helps to facilitate that changeRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory And Behavioral Therapy2176 Words   |  9 Pages â€Æ' A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to The Case of Stan Overview – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, combines both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapies are based on a psychoeducational model that emphasizes the role of homework and places responsibility on the client, assuming an active role both during and outside of the therapy sessions (Correy 2009). CBT can be thought of as a combination of bothRead MoreCognitive Theory : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy3341 Words   |  14 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy in Educational Settings Rebecca Yoder John Carroll University Abstract Cognitive theories are believed to centralize around the idea that a thought is the cause for emotions. Cognitive theory has directly influenced the development of other cognitively based therapies that provide a more in-depth and concentrated approach to the presenting problems of a client. Specifically, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one division of the cognitive theory that focuses onRead MoreBehavioral Theory Of Cognitive Therapy795 Words   |  4 Pageslearning theory. From their point of view, symptoms were not caused by disease; rather, the symptoms were the disease. In some cases, such as phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, the assumption was that the symptoms were learned behaviors that could be unlearned; even if the symptoms were not acquired through learning, however, it was assumed that they could be modified by learning (some forms of behavior therapy were called behavior modification), (Bickhard, dated 1980). Cognitive Therapy:Read MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy1756 Words   |  8 PagesTheoretical Analysis Cognitive Behavioral Theory Several prestigious and monumental contributors commenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. The four main catalysts have been Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Judith Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum. Each of these trailblazers lead a different aspect of cognitive behavior therapies. While working through his own personal fears and anxieties, Albert Ellis developed what is now termed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and is the firstRead MoreCognitive Theory And Behavioral Theory Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Theory and Behavioral Theory 1. Cognitive Theory Cognitive Theory and/or Development is a subject that is often discussed and/or debated frequently within the psychological community. There is a significant amount of theory into how much development happens naturally and how much is learned from outside sources. This is constantly debated throughout study after study. The common theory is that only a certain amount of cognition can be achieved through a child learning by themselves andRead MoreCognitive and Behavioral Theories721 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent theories; especially about development. And, just like every theory there are pros and cons. Each theory was created by different people with their own perspective and their own biases. It would be ignorant to say that one theory had all the answers. There were two theories I read about that caught my attention, Cognitive and Behavioral. I have heard about the growing popularity of Cognitive Behaviorists and I am curious about how they are similar and different. 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To begin with, there will be an overview of the selected population, including information contained within the DSM-V outlining exactly who fits into the population of those with substance-related disorders. Next, will be an analysis of research supporting the efficacy

The Eighth Amendment Free Essays

The eighth amendment is defined as â€Å"excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted (Lectlaw, 2010). This amendment was adopted as part of the Bill of Rights in 1791. The eighth amendment serves the purpose of protection of those who are innocent until proven guilty and to ensure that all persons are treated fairly in the criminal justice system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eighth Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Defendants who are not released on bail are being denied the opportunity to prepare their defense. Also, denying bail or having excessive bail imprisons the defendant without being properly convicted. There are cases, however, where bail must be denied or set excessively high. If an unconvicted defendant is feared to be a danger to the community or a flight risk, the constitution permits the denial of bail (FindLaw, 2010). The â€Å"no excessive fines clause of the eighth amendment presides fines directly imposed by, and payable to the government and in civil forfeiture cases† (Onecle, 2009). The term â€Å"excessive† still has not been defined by the United States court system. Asset forfeiture, however, has become a key element in the war on drugs as the government has the power to seize property of persons that have not yet been convicted of a crime (Hornberger, 2005). The law â€Å"there shall not be cruel and unusual punishment† under the eighth amendment means that society will deem what is cruel and unusual. The standards of society transform over time as citizens â€Å"do better when they know better†. Medevil practices such as cutting off the hand of a theif are obviously unacceptable forms of punishment in today’s modern society. While the death penalty is used in some states for those who commit the most heinous of crimes, not all states impose such a severe sentence. The first known execution within the United States occurred in the year 1607 in Jamestown. Captain George Kendall was shot to death by a firing squad for allegedly spying against the British (Justice, 2009). Since then, there has been a struggle among society and lawmakers attempting to decide if the death penalty falls under unusual and cruel punishment. In the late 1960s, â€Å"all but 10 states had laws authorizing capital punishment† (Justice, 2009). During Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the U. S. Supreme Court decided against capital punishment on federal and state levels. The majority ruled in a five to four vote that the death penalty violated the rights of the eighth amendment (Justice, 2009). Over 600 inmates sitting on death row had their sentences overturned between the years 1967 and 1972. This suspension of the death penalty continued until 1976. During the Gregg v. Georgia case in 1976, the court decided to uphold a procedure in which the trial of â€Å"capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases† (Wikipedia, 2010). These proceedings entailed a jury to first decide if a defendant is guilty. Based upon that decision, then a jury decides whether any aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty: life in prison or capital punishment (Wikipedia, 2010). In 2002, the United States Supreme Court decided that the execution of criminals who are mentally ill to be cruel and unusual punishment. Also, in 2005, it was decided that the execution of criminals under the age of 18 to be cruel and unusual as well. As of the year 2008,†the death penalty is authorized by 37 states, the federal government and the U. S. Military† (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Minnesota, North Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Rhode Island do not support capital punishment (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). If the past has any influence on the future, the laws governing the death penalty will probably change time and time again. Society must do the best they can with the knowledge they acquire. Who is to say that the death penalty will be abolished forever or that possibly the death penalty might become usual punishment for crimes less than heinous? The future, in regards to the death penalty, may hold some surprises for us. Only the future will reveal what is to come. ClarkProsecutor. Org, 2008. The death penalty. Retrieved on January 31, 2010 from http://www. clarkprosecutor. org/html/death/dpusa. htm FindLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http://www. findlaw. com/ Hornberger, Jacob. G. The bill of rights (2005). Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http://www. fff. org/freedom/fd0503a. asp Justice (2009). History of the Death Penalty. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http://justice. uaa. alaska. edu/death/history. html LectLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http://www. lectlaw. com/def/e082. htm Onecle (2009). Excessive Fines. Retrieved onJanuary 30, 2009 from http://law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-08/02-excessive-fines. html Wikipedia (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http://www. wikipedia. org How to cite The Eighth Amendment, Papers

Rococo and Neoclassical Art

Table of Contents Introduction Rococo Art Neoclassical Art Historical Art Analysis Conclusion References Introduction Art develops over generations through improvements and modifications of previous art works. Many art styles we see today such as the rococo, middle ages, renaissance, mannerism, baroque, neoclassical, romanticism and the likes all seem to have evolved out of individual works or from the cultural or social influences that surrounded their formation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rococo and Neoclassical Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Certain art works are also developed from the styles and characteristics of previous art periods while others developed as a continuation of previous art works or as a reaction to specific art styles (Sporre, 2003, p. 3). For instance, during the ancient Greek period, classical art developed from the neoclassical period and cubism developed as a reaction to the ancient art style of painting (Sporre, 2003, pp. 2-3). This study illustrates such relationships with a keen sense of analysis and critique on the origin and development of art. Specifically, we will analyze the relationship between neoclassical and rococo arts since the neoclassical art developed as a reaction to the latter. Rococo Art Rococo art started in the 18th century and was characterized by the flexibility of artists to become more experimental with art. When compared to previous art forms, it was more playful, ornate and florid (Lewis, 2008, p. 342). In the French analysis of rococo, it is largely assumed that the style developed from the Louis XV’s reigns; meaning that most of the art developed in France during the mid 18th century falls in this category. Rococo art was characteristic of the use of objects in decorating art (especially the use of stones and ornaments). The style was also characteristic of shell-like curves which were interestingly used as groun ds for its critique as well (Yegengil, 2010, p. 3). However, the rococo art design has been widely accepted in most artistic circles and now stands as a major turning point in conventional European art. Neoclassical Art The Neoclassical art movement was majorly advanced as a reaction to the rococo art. Basically, it was a reaction to the use of natural ornaments in the rococo movement. This style originated from the classical Greece period and from the works of an Italian artist, Andrea Palladio, who majorly emphasized on portrait walls as opposed to the chiaroscuro while maintaining different identities to each part (Buser, 2005, p. 406). The neoclassical art is majorly termed as evocative and picturesque but it majorly seeks to relive the classical periods or the ancient Rome period as some of its proponents would suggest (Yegengil, 2010, p. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advent of the neoclassical art later became some sort of global movement with many of its proponents emphasizing more on the planar qualities of art as opposed to the sculptural volumes evidenced in rococo and baroque architecture. With regard to the general outlook characteristics of neoclassical art, Yegengil (2010) says that: â€Å"Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are flatter; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves† (p. 4). Some of the most common types of neoclassical architecture can be seen in the Old museum in Berlin, Capitol in Washington D.C and similar buildings across Europe. The advent of this art style was majorly facilitated in the Napoleonic era which was largely fanned by young and upcoming Italians who wanted to make a progressive political statement in art and o ther areas of social progression at the time (Yegengil, 2010, p. 3). Historical Art Analysis To best conceptualize the development and characteristics of the rococo art period, we can use a champagne bottle. The design of the bottle can be viewed as a baroque art design (which the rococo developed from) but the form in the champagne bottle can be best analyzed as rococo art. In other words, the themes associated with rococo art are lighter because they don’t revolve around serious themes like religion or politics; instead, it deals more with social matters like man’s lust for the woman, the social life of aristocracy, physical nature and the likes (Wilder, 2007, p. 27). Principally, this art style also revolves around asymmetry and also majorly includes the use of curved lines and ornaments which don’t emphasize the need for balance. However with the advent of the neoclassical art period in the mid 18th century, balance and symmetry was emphasized as a reaction to rococo art designs. In other words, this art period emphasized more on technical art and balance, inspired by antiques derived from the Roman era. Since rococo art was also characteristic of pale colors, the neoclassic proponents emphasized more on sharp colors. This movement was later picked up in many fields such as music, visual arts, architecture and the likes. There was a deep sense of Romanism during the development of this art style but the Roman inspiration was derived from the archeological studies that were going on during that period (Yegengil, 2010, p. 5). More specifically, the discovery of the antique ruins created an emphasis on the beauty of civilization and the successes associated with Greeks and Romans; with regard to the development of their empires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rococo and Neoclassical Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fact totally changed the perception of art during that time because there was a shift in emphasis from the natural forms of art (rococo art) to classical antique (Yegengil, 2010, p. 5). Comparatively, the rococo art period was much more inspired by nature, personal amusement, and the physical world. Also in drawing more comparison, the rococo period was facilitated by the death of Louis XIV, from whom the baroque art derived its principles from. Its prominence was also facilitated by the rise of the middle class and the increased consciousness of fashion in the French capital, Paris (Yegengil, 2010, p. 6). It is therefore clear that the advent of the rococo art was a major shift from the emphasis of fear and respect which was advanced by the baroque art to more relaxed forms of art. In other words, it focused on the lighter elements of life, like pleasure and nature. On the other hand, the neo classic proponents were majorly inspired by the simplicity of certain figures in the roman and Greek empires and this was later follo wed by a high appreciation of Greek democracy (Buser, 2005, p. 406). The importance of the neoclassical art in the real world was seen from its wide use in the French empire by the napoleon regime which sought to stamp its superiority by using the art style to paint heroic figures. In this manner, the neoclassic art style majorly revolves around themes such as heroism, justice, courage honor and other virtues associated with democratic leadership and hierarchical structures (Yegengil, 2010, p. 6). The Rococo art on the other hand had a huge bearing on the interior design of arts and the development of sculptures and paintings; it was also largely associated with the regime of King Louis XV. Its major impact in the art world was that it developed pieces of art which appealed more to the senses as opposed to the intellect. Conclusion The neoclassical art can be seen to react to the lack of emphasis on order and restraint by the rococo art. Rococo art on the other hand seems to emphasi ze more on natural beauty and the appeal to human senses as opposed to the intellectual appeal of neoclassical art. Neoclassical art was also greatly inspired by antiques of the Roman Empire but rococo art was facilitated by the death of King Louis XIV. Both art styles had a lot of influence on European literature of the 18th century because the neoclassical art portrayed political truths in a comical manner and rococo art instilled a need to decorate art in a fluffier manner.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Buser, T. (2005). Experiencing Art around Us. London: Cengage Learning. Lewis, R. (2008). The Power of Art. London: Cengage Learning. Sporre, D, J. (2003). Perceiving the Arts: An Introduction to the Humanities. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Wilder, J. B. (2007). Art History for Dummies. New York: For Dummies. Yegengil, O. (2010). Neoclassical and Rococo Styles after Baroque Period. Retrieved from https://ezinearticles.com/?Neoclassical-and-Rococo-Styles-After-Baroque-Periodid=1651510 This essay on Rococo and Neoclassical Art was written and submitted by user Arturo Sanders to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

blood brothers

blood brothers "As like each other as two new pins."Within the play Mickey and Edward are presented differently due to their upbringing. Mickey is created to be friendly and very adventurous, as he like to play adventure games with his friends. Edward is presented as a friendly, generous character who a well-behaved, shy little boy.There are many differences and similarities throughout the play.The first difference is that Mickey makes friends easily than, unlike Edward who hardly has any friends this is because Mrs Lyons rarely lets Edward go out to play. Mrs Johnston lets Mickey roam round freely without any rules this lets Mickey socialise more than Edward.Another difference is there education. Edward has a better education than Mickey as Edwards's parents can afford to send him to a private school. Edward knows many large words, which a normal seven year old would not. For example in the play if Edward does not know the meaning of a word he would get his dictionary out and look it up on the oth er hand Mickey does not know what a dictionary is.This suggests to the reader Edward has a good, strong education and that he is independent.The next difference between Mickey and Edward is the class of their families. Mickey comes from a lower class family than Edward. Mickey's family gets treaded like dirt from the policeman as he threatened the Johnston family with court. The policeman acts the total opposite with the Lyons family as he has a scotch with Mr Lyons, this shows he wants to stay on their good side and blames the lower class for Edwards mistakes as he said " If y' don't mind me sayin' this I'm not sure I'd let him mix with the likes of them in the future,

The Arachnid Arthropods

The Arachnid Arthropods Arachnids (Arachnida) are a group of arthropods that include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions and harvestmen. Scientists estimate that there are more than 100,000 species of arachnids alive today. Arachnids have two main body segments (the cephalothorax and the abdomen) and four pairs of jointed legs. By contrast, insects have three main body segments and three pairs of legs- making them easily distinguishable from arachnids. Arachnids also differ from insects in that they lack wings and antennae. It should be noted that in some groups of arachnids such as mites and hooded tickspiders, the larval stages have only three pairs of legs and fourth leg pair appears after they develop into nymphs. Arachnids have an exoskeleton that must be shed periodically for the animal to grow. Arachnids also have an internal structure called an endosternite that is composed of a cartilage-like material and provides a structure for muscle attachment. In addition to their four pairs of legs, arachnids also have two additional pairs of appendages that they use for a variety of purposes such as feeding, defense, locomotion, reproduction or sensory perception. These pairs of appendages include the chelicerae and the pedipalps. Most species of arachnids are terrestrial although some groups (especially ticks and mites) live in aquatic freshwater or marine environments. Arachnids have numerous adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle. Their respiratory system is advanced although it varies among the different arachnid groups. Generally, it consists of tracheae, book lung and vascular lamellae that enable efficient gas exchange. Arachnids reproduce via internal fertilization (another adaptation to life on land) and have very efficient excretory systems that enable them to conserve water. Arachnids have various types of blood depending on their particular method of respiration. Some arachnids have blood that contains hemocyanin (similar in function to the hemoglobin molecule of vertebrates, but copper-based instead of iron-based). Arachnids have a stomach and numerous diverticula that enable them to absorb nutrients from their food. A nitrogenous waste (called guanine) is excreted from the anus at the back of the abdomen. Most arachnids feed on insects and other small invertebrates. Arachnids kill their prey using their chelicerae and pedipalps (some species of arachnids are venomous as well, and subdue their prey by injecting them with venom). Since arachnids have small mouths, the saturate their prey in digestive enzymes, and when the prey liquifies, the arachnid drinks its prey. Classification: Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Chelicerates Arachnids Arachnids are classified into about a dozen subgroups, some of which are not widely known. Some of the better-known arachnid groups include: True spiders (Araneae): There are about 40,000 species of true spiders alive today, making the Araneae the most species-rich of all arachnid groups. Spiders are known for their ability to produce silk from spinneret glands located at the base of their abdomen.Harvestmen or daddy-long-legs (Opiliones): There are about 6,300 species of harvestmen (also known as daddy-long-legs) alive today. Members of this group have very long legs, and their abdomen and cephalothorax are almost completely fused.Ticks and mites  (Acarina): There are about 30,000 species of ticks and mites alive today. Most members of this group are very small, although a few species can grow to as much as 20mm in length.Scorpions (Scorpiones): There are about 2000 species of scorpions alive today. Members of this group are easily recognized by their segmented tail that bears a venom-filled telson (sting) at the end.

Organizational Behavior of Cutter Aviation Research Paper

Organizational Behavior of Cutter Aviation - Research Paper Example The research paper "Organizational Behavior of Cutter Aviation" talks about Cutter Aviation, strongest Fixed Base Operator of America that provides aeronautics service to the industry of General Aviation since 1928. It has been a dominant service provider of General Aviation for the United States.Cutter Aviation believes in following the procedures of team building to encourage innovation. It has been providing a training program to all its employees to stimulate innovation. Their aim behind providing these programs is to enhance the skills of its employees, their decision-making ability and communication skills. The training programs have helped the employees to acquire knowledge in achieving their activities. This makes the company develop new innovative products. The organization faces the problem of bureaucracies in developing new strategies. These bureaucracies can be reduced by following two stages: Firstly, identifying the obstacles prevailing in the company and secondly, the company needs to identify the strategies that are required to implement change. Finally, the organization should implement and follow the steps accordingly. However, before implementing any change, the organization should make employees understand the importance of proposing the change. Cutter Aviation has been able to build an environment that is collaboratively supported by all the experts of the organization. The company supports the employees by providing them sufficient resources and training programs.

Religion in Contemporary Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religion in Contemporary Societies - Essay Example The use of religion in such situation to further their anti-west sentiments had threatened the whole world. Fundamentalist elements are the product of totalitarian regimes, which nurtured and developed it for their particular interests. The modern Al-Qaeda and ISIS has been the creation of fundamentalist totalitarian authorities with the aid and support from western powers lead by United States of America. Anti-imperialist sentiments are also part of fundamentalist uprising against the imperialist’s design to divide the region and support anarchies of their own choice after the World War I. The anarchies set at that time on the whims of their imperialist masters sowed the seed of Muslim fundamentalism to legitimize their totalitarian rule as Islam allows such authority under Sharia. The focus of the paper will be on fundamentalism of the organization and its relevancy to their motives and political ambitions. In order to have deep understanding of the nature of organization this paper will also study their history and their religious-political development. Furthermore, the role of Western imperialists and their handpicked regional players and the resulting anti-imperialist sentiments culminating in these organizations will be discussed as a subsidiary part of the research topic. The ISIS and Al-Qaeda are the two fundamentalist organization nurturing terrorism. These organizations also have political ambitions inspired by religious notions. The concept of Islamic fundamentalist contradicts with their activities that are mostly driven by economic and sectarian ambitions. The fundamentalism depicted by these two organizations is too complex; hatred and atrocities on other Muslim and non-Muslim people; relationship between state and religion; and rivalry between th e two bands in application of the same ideology. The Salafist-Jihadism is the ideology of ISIS commonly shared with all other fundamentalist organizations like Al-Qaeda and

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay In Vietnam, English is now the most popular foreign language and anyone who would like to integrate themslves into the global society and access the worlds knowlege to be sucessful in life is aware that English competence is one the most important characteristics they need to have. English is seen every where in education, business, entertainment and cultural exchanges. Therefore, English is becoming the main communication language in the country. In light of sociolinguistics development, linguistic researchers have been paying more and more attention to the importance of communication in its social context. The social factors in communication competence have been recognized and studied. These have impacted strongly on teaching and learning the language. English learning is changing basically and positively. Learners of English do not learn English for the sake of learning itself by treating grammatical knowledge primarily and separately but in the belief that it is more important to communicate effectively in the language by sending and receiving messages, creating meaning and negotiating meaning. These lead to the tendency toward which communication competence has recently been enjoying learners great popularity. However, the effectiveness of communication in the target language is still both learners and teachers deepest concern since learners who have already spent significant periods of time on learning the language to co mmunicate as the main goal of their learning but then most of them encounter too many difficulties in communicating in the language. The learning context In Petrovietnam Manpower Training College, where I am working as a teacher of English, students, the subjects of the research, are engineers and graduates who are recruited to work in Petrovietnams projects and plants taking a special training course. They have graduated university with nearly equivalent English language education but have different English proficiency and like almost Vietnamese students, they have been trying to learn English in purpose of communication but find difficult to communicate in the language. At the college, English is taught as one of the main subjects to equip the students with the language that they would need to perform their job. English speaking is attached special importance to and students are expected to be good at communication in all circumstances after finishing the course. To serve these purposes, communicative language teaching Approach (CLT) is applied in teaching these students so that they can particularly improve their communicative skil ls. The rationales and purpose of the research. Communication is interactive. So in pre-intermediate speaking class, students are usually given topics to discuss in groups with the assistant of their teacher before presenting their ideas to the class. These activities aim to get students involved in interpersonal communication or interaction to compensate their lack of practice in the EFL environment. These tasks require the students big effort in trying to understand the others and getting themselves understood using any means at their learning stage. According to my observation, in most situations, students at this level of English proficiency appear to struggle with expressing their thoughts because of their deficiency in linguistic proficiency, general knowledge of the given topics or confidence in using the language. Some of them exert themselves to the utmost to reach their communicative goals by unconsciously or consciously using different strategies to solve their particular communication problems and relatively confident in completing the given task meanwhile the others just keep silent because they do not know what to do to deal with the problems they have during the conversation and they fail to keep most of the conversations going on as they want to. So the purpose of this study is to identify the common communication strategies used by the students to enhance efficiency of communication when they deal with the task of group discussion and the communication strategy use of students of different English proficiency. The research questions. The study is conducted to find out the answers to the following questions: What types of communication strategies are used by Vietnamese students in English speaking class to compensate for their breakdowns in communication and to enhance communicative effectiveness in small group discussion? Do students of different English proficiency employ communication strategies differently? Definitions of key terms. The term communication strategies is simply understand as methods or techniques that language users use to help themselves overcome problems occuring during communication to achieve communicative competence LITERATURE REVIEW Communicative competence The main goal of any language learners is to achieve communicative competence to get the best communication proficiency. According to Canale and Swain (1980), to attain communicative competence, learners need to gain the following perfect knowledge: Grammatical competence which is related to the language knowledge (words and grammar rules) itself. Sociolinguistic competence which is concerned to the ability to use and to interpret the utterances appropriately in different sociolinguistic communication situations. Discourse competence is the ability to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text Strategic competence is the ability of using verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence and to enhance the effectiveness of communication Among the four components that make up communicative competence, strategic competence is likely relating to EFL learners most because of the problems they commonly run into in communication and the communication strategies they usually employ to solve the problems. These strategies are considered extremely important in negotiating meaning where either linguistic structures or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between a second language learner and a speaker of the target language (OMalley Chamot, 1990, p.43). Canale Swain (1980) once confirm that good strategic competence can help leanres with limiting L2 skills evade communication breakdowns. Communication strategies Many researchers have conducted research or studies on communication strategies so far. Consequently, each of them in their own view states different definitions and classifications of communication strategies. Definitions of communication strategies What happens if interlocutors do not understand each other because of their limited language resources? Can they keep their conversation going on when they can not make themselves understood? Cohen (1990, p.56) believes that a major trait of successful speakers is that they use strategies to keep the conversation going on. They use communication strategies. Tarone (1980, p. 419) describes communication strategy as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared. Communication strategies, to Tarones interactional view, are socially-motivated strategies which are used by more than one interlocutors to solve the problems of mutual lack of understanding by negotiating meanings. A communication strategy is simply defined by Corder (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) as a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when faced with some difficulty. According to Faerch and Kasper (1983 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) communication strategies are potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal. More relating to forms of discourse, communication strategies in this definition are psychologically-motivated strategies which are related to mental plans of each interlocutor implemented in response to the problems of expression. Different authors define communication strategies differently. However , most of the definitions show the purpose of communication strategies which is to deal with the problems that the language users face up to when communicating by employing appropriate techniques. Classifications of Communication strategies. In the research on communication strategies, Dornyei, Faerch and Kasper and Tarone introduced their own classifications of communication strategies and their classifications. Dornyei (1995 as cited in Brown, 2000) shows two branches of strategies: negative and positive. Avoidence strategies (negative): topic avoidance and message abandonment Compensatory strategies (positive): circumlocution, approximation,use of all purpose words, word coinage, prefabricated patterns, non-linguistic signal, literal translation, foreignizing, code switch, appeal for help, stalling or time-gaining strategies. Faerch and Kasper (1983) classify communication strategies in to two main categories with their subcategories: Avoidance behavior reduction strategies: Formal reduction: phonological, morphological  , syntactic and lexical. Function reduction: reduction of speech art modality, reduction of propositional context Achievement behavior compensatory strategies. Code switching Interlingual transfer: generalization, paraphrasing, word coinage, restructuring. Cooperative strategies Non-linguistic strategies However, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) seems to be simpler. Tarone classifies communication strategies into the following categories: Avoidance: topic avoidance and message abandonment Paraphrase: approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Conscious transfer: literal translation, language switch Appeal for assistance Mime: Prior research found that all language users used communication strategies consciously or unconsciously. Bialystok observes that communication strategies should be classified according to different cognitive processes and should be seen as a process of language use. I agrees with her at this point because of the fact that as language users, we all know that communication breakdowns may occur with anyone at any time during a conversation and when these problems happen, we all try some ways to get out of the trouble by using some techniques called communication strategies. Besides, Bialystok insists that communicative strategies are used by language user in both L1 and L2, in this view, communicative strategies only reflect the way in which the language processing system extends and adapts to the demands of communication (Lee, 2004). In fact, the communication strategy use occurs during communicating consciously or unconsciously. However, learning and using a language are activities related to cognitive processes so when language learners use the language and the breakdowns come, they are aware of what situation they are in and consciously think of an escape by employing different negative or positive strategies solve the problems like avoiding talking about the topic or concept that they do not know much, leaving the utterance unfinished, using many words to describe , creating new word or switch to their mother tongue when they cannot find the right words to use and et ceteras. So, what exactly do learners do in each communication strategy? In this paper, I would like to focus on the simpler classification, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies but in comparison with the other two of Dornyei and Faerch and Kasper . Avoidance strategies Both Dornyei and Tarone define avoidance strategies in the same way by mainly referring to two substrategies: Message abandonment strategy which is used by learners when they encounters language difficulties. To deal with these unpleasant situations, learners tend to leave their utterance unfinished. Topic avoidance is another strategy learners use when they lack of or forget necessary linguistic knowledge to express their thoughts on the topic. Their language difficulties may related to vocabulary or grammar rules that they do not know or remember. To overcome them, learners keep way from talking about the topic. In my experience of teaching, students of very low proficiency usually use these strategies because of their serious deficiency for the target language instead of using the strategies called compensatory strategies in Dornyeis or Faerch and Kaspers classifications or paraphrase and conscious transfer strategies as Tarone mentions in her typology of conscious communication strategies. Paraphrase Including circumlocution, word coinage and approximation which Faerch and Kasper suggest can promote learning as well Circumlocution strategy Bialystok argues that circumlocution strategy in fact is paraphrasing strategy. In terms of linguistic, the conception of the two strategies are very similar. Both strategies help learners make good use of simpler language or structures they have at their learning stage to convey their thoughts that need more complicated vocabulary and grammar rules to express. Dornyei states that circumlocution is the strategy used by learners when they want to describe something that cannot find the exact word or phrase to use by paraphrasing it. Doing so, they use more words to describe a word in the hope that the listeners can get what they mean by themselves. Approximation strategy Dornyei and Taroneideas meet each other when they name the strategy approximation which Tiono and Sylvia (2004) found to be used the most by students with low communication apprehension and high proficiency in speaking class in Petra Christian University in Surabaya, Indonesia to compensate their failure in retrieving the lexical items they have learned or their deficiency in vocabulary when they are asked to retell a pictorial stories. In the strategy, learners appear to be confident and willing to make mistakes by using an alternative or similar lexical term which they know that is not correct to illustrate the meaning of another word or phrase they aim to refer to. By doing this learners try to make themselves understood by using their limiting vocabulary. Word coinage is another compensatory strategy that learners use when they lack of vocabulary. In this strategy they make up a target language word which is based on the morphological rules that they know well. For example: they know well that worker is a person who works so they create cooker (a person who cooks) from the verb cook. Conscious transfer strategies Literal translation strategy is usually used when the language users share their first language or background. Learners translate a word or an idiom or even a structure from their first language into that of the target language. In my learning context, learners use literal translation mostly when they have difficulties with finding correct collocations for a word. In this case they tend to translate word for word from another language. For example: deep coffee ( which is not stated in dictionary) for strong coffee. However, relating to translating a structure from learners first language, Faerch and Kasper name the strategy Restructuring in which learners reformulate the syntax of their utterance. Language switch strategy or code switch or code switching by Dornyei or Faerch and Kasper In this strategy, learners use lexical terms or sentences from their first language when they cannot find the appropriate ones in the target language to express their thoughts (They insert some words or phrases from their first language). The strategy is also often employed by first language or background shared learners. This strategies may be expected to use the most by the subjects of this study for all of them are Vietnamese and in reality, it is also easy to see this in any of the English class in Vietnam. Appeal for assistance Explicit request is the strategy where learners ask for help from the other people like more advanced learners or teacher by saying How do you sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.? or What is this calledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.?. Referring to dictionary strategy is made use by learners when they need the correct words or structures Mine or Non-verbal communicative strategy also what Dornyei calls non-linguistic signal or Non-linguistic strategy by Faerch and Kasper. In this strategy, learners use non-verbal language like gestures, facial expression or even imitating sounds to express meanings. Mine and message abandonment seem to be coi in Faerch and Kasper in terms of learning. They think that these two strategies cannot help learners with their learning. But as a teacher I share Tarones opinion that in some extent, by using these two strategies, the speaker can get help from the listener to find the appropriate or correct word or structure to express what he or she wants to say. In both teaching and learning context, mine and message abandonment can be positive signals from the learners to interact with their teacher so that they can be taught event while communicating. The review of related studies Many studies and research have been done so far on communication strategies and their findings showed that almost every strategy were used by learners. However what strategies employed were contingent a lot on the task given because different problems would arise depending on different types of task, one -way task or two- way one (Mei Nathalang, 2010). So that the task requires learners different effort and strategies to solve the problems. It is easy to understand this because less interactive activities exist in one -way task like story telling while two- way task like role playing or discussing includes mostly interaction. To deal with one-way task, learners tend to use paraphrase, restructuring and message abandonment since these strategies helps them to make clear the meanings as they try to ensure the listeners comprehension. Whereas to deal with interactive task like doing role play or discussing, learners need to make special effort to negotiate to get communication goals so they cannot simply employ avoidance strategies if they still want their conversation to continue and reach a mutual agreement on what they exactly mean. This agrees with the finding of Dobao Martinezs study of Negotiating Meaning in Interaction between English and Spanish Speakers via Communicative Strategies. The finding revealed that in interaction, when linguistic problems arose, intermediate or advanced EFL learners and their interlocut ors (who were English native speakers or other EFL learners of their level) worked together to find solution by coordinating their use of CS, negotiating meanings to reach a mutual agreement on the learners originally intended meaning. Prior research also showed that the numbers of strategies used by learners were not influenced by their target language proficiency (Ting Phan, 2008). However, concerning to only the numbers of strategies used by learners is not enough in terms of language teaching and learning. Fortunately, the result found in Kwoks study of communication strategies used by Hong kong students in small group discussion (1987) revealed that students were able to make good use of different communication strategies in discussion to make their communication more effective. Moreover, the result also showed that the more the students mastered the communication strategies, the much better they could do in small group discussion. Althought Bialystok believes that we should teach learners language rather than strategy but as a teacher I do argue in favour of implication about teaching strategies to learners from studies of Manchà ³n (1999) and Faucette (2001). In my learning context, the class with both high and low proficiency learners is common. So it is not difficult to recognize types of strategies that different learners use when the language problems arise and the effectiveness of strategy use that the learners achieve in communication thought what is seen in the learning context can be subjectively observed and assessed. So, the study is hopefully an opportunity to confirm the phenomenon through its findings. SHORT CONCLUSION The fact is that learners can frequently run into communication difficulties because of varied reasons related to language problems and all of them find some ways to escape from the trouble they got in. Those ways are called communication strategies. Looking back at the studies and research that have been done on communication strategies so far, some significant pedagogic implication have been recognized. That is communication strategy use can promote learners communicative competence or the confirmation that employing appropriate strategies can enhance communication effectiveness and communication strategy use is teachable. So, what types of communication strategies that can help learners increase communication efficacy should be considered mainly in this paper in the hope that more useful pedagogic implication closely involved English teaching will be found as reference for language teachers to deal better with their job as well as to help their students improve their learning.

Word 2007 Introduction

First, we'll take you through the Microsoft Office Button, he Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbons, Tabs and Groups – to familiarize you with these common features. Then we'll show you some of the unique Ribbons, Tabs and Groups of each application. If you have 2007 Office installed on your computer here are a couple of hints on how we'll proceed. To open an application, Double click quickly on the application icon (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc. ) on the Windows desktop. Or, click the Start button, in the lower left corner of the screen, then click All Programs, move the cursor over Microsoft Office and select the application you desire.In this tutorial, when we indicate that you need to click a mouse button, it will mean to click the left mouse button – unless we indicate that you should click the right mouse button. So, always move the cursor over the â€Å"place† we indicate and â€Å"click left† unless we tell you otherwise. The Microsoft Office Button We'll use Microsoft Word 2007 for our initial illustrations of Ribbon, Tab and Group examples. The first thing you'll notice, when you open a 2007 Office application is that there is no longer a File choice in the Menu Bar.The arrow above points to the Microsoft Office Button – which replaces File. As you move your cursor over the ight) will appear. Click the Microsoft Office button. Microsott Ottlce Button a preview image (image on When you click the Microsoft Office button, it will turn orange and a â€Å"File like† menu will appear (similar to the image on the right). You'll notice that you now have little images for choices and that some of them have little arrows pointing to the right. These arrows indicate that there are additional choices for a selection.We'll show you one of these on the next page. On the right side of the Microsoft Office Button menu screen you will see your most recently used files – Recent Documents (see arrow above on right). Each Microsof t Office Button menu is tailored to its Office application (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc). Move your cursor over the arrow to the right ot the Print button (1 ),a menu ot print choices will appear on the right – under Preview and print the document ( 2. ) (image on right). Click Print ( 3. ) at the top of the Menu. A standard Print Menu screen will appear.It is suggested that you spend a few minutes clicking the various choices in the Microsoft Office Button menu screen to familiarize yourself with what they do. If you look at the bottom of the Microsoft Office Button menu screen you will see two uttons. Since we're using Word, the buttons indicate Word Options and Exit Word. The buttons change with each application (e. g. PowerPoint will indicate PowerPoint Options). When you click the Word Options button the image below will appear. Notice, on the left side of the menu screen there are a number of choices (e. g. Personalize, Display, Proofing, etc. . when you click a choice on the left side of the screen, the options for that choice appear on the right. Take a few minutes and move through these choices to familiarize yourself with this menu screen. You will see that Microsoft has placed lot of resources that were under File-Tools-options, in previous versions of Office, in this menu. The last choice – Resources – furnishes a lot of online resources for the application which you are using. We click ed the Microsott Word Resources text lin an image below appeared. Notice all of the useful online resources available to you.Quick Access Toolbar In the upper left corner – to the right of the Microsoft Office Button – you will see an area called the Quick Access Toolbar (image on left). This area is quite handy as it currently contains several of the most used buttons in Office applications – Save, Undo, Redo, Print and Print Preview. You can customize this toolbar by adding and removing as many Quick Access button choices as you desire. In the Quick Access Toolbar (on the left) you can see we added the Insert Picture button – since we are using it a lot for this tutorial.To add this button to the toolbar we first clicked the Insert Tab and then RIGHT clicked the Insert Picture button. One of the choices was Add to Quick Access Toolbar. When we clicked this choice the Insert Picture button was added. You can add any button you choose by doing this. To remove buttons from the Quick Access Toolbar Just RIGHT click on the button you esire to remove and choose Remove from Quick Access Toolbar. Ribbons This is the new term you hear a lot about in 2007 Office. Ribbons stretch across the top of your application screen with features to assist you as you click the Ribbon Tabs.To us, Tabs and Ribbons are the same. It like unreeling holiday ribbon from a spool and seeing new images on the ribbon – very cool! So, we'll cover Tabs/Ribbons in great detail. Tabs Below the Microsoft Office Button and Q uick Access Toolbar we see a series of Tabs/ Ribbons. Tabs are similar to the Drop Down Menu choices in previous versions of Office. The Tabs are, logically, a bit different for each 2007 Office application to assist you with the most common features of that application. All the 2007 Office applications begin with the Home tab.The Home Tab/Ribbon tor Word 2007 looks like the image below. The Home Tab/Ribbon for PowerPoint 2007 looks like the image below. The Home Tab/Ribbon for Excel 2007 looks like the Image below. The Home Tab/Ribbon for Access 2007 looks like the Image below. You'll quickly notice that the Home Tab/Ribbon for each application shows the Clipboard as the left â€Å"Group† (except in Access) In Word and Excel, the Font Tab/ Ribbon is to the right, but in PowerPoint, because working with slides is paramount, the Slides Tab/Ribbon comes next.If you have 2007 Office installed on your computer, open these four applications and take a few minutes looking at each a pplication's Home Tab/Ribbon. Notice, the Tabs to the right of the Home Tab/Ribbon are tailored to each application. We'll work a bit with this in a little while. Groups In the image below, the arrows point to a new topic – Groups. Clipboard Editing Font Paragraph Styles Clipboard Group The Tab/Ribbon bar images (in this tutorial) are hard to read, so we've placed arrows in the image above) tor the Groups in the Word Home Tab/Ribbon.Again, the Tabs/ Ribbons, and Groups,will vary depending on the application you're using. Let's look a bit at the Groups in Word. The first Group on the Word Home Tab is Clipboard. To open a Group you move your cursor over the little down pointing arrow in the lower right corner of a group. This arrow is enlarged in the image below. When you click this arrow the image on the right appears. Notice that the Clipboard appears on the left side of your screen and shows any text or images youVe copied. To close this group, click the â€Å"X† in t he upper right corner of the Group.Notice, in the Font Group area (above), you have the most used Font features. However, if you desire all of the font features, Just click the Open Group arrow to the right of Font. An old friend – the Font menu screen appears (when you click the Open Group arrow). You'll see this a lot as your learn more about 2007 Office. Many of the â€Å"tried and true† menu screens will appear in logical places. Select Text Mini Toolbar When you're working with text and fonts a really ingenious â€Å"new thing† occurs as you highlight text – a Select Text Mini Toolbar appears!In the image on the right we highlighted – Highlight Text. When we paused the cursor over the highlight, a â€Å"shadow like† toolbar appeared. When we move our cursor over the toolbar, it is ready for us to use it to modify our text. This is really handy as many ot text tormatting teatures are in the try this, be patient, it sometimes takes a few tries. ini oo ar. The tlrst time you Notice in the Paragraph Group area (left) you again have the most used Paragraph features.However, if you desire all of the paragraph features, Just click the Open Group arrow to the right of Paragraph. The Paragraph menu screen appears when you click the Open Group arrow to the right of the Paragraph Group. You should now have a â€Å"feel† for how the Tabs/ Ribbons and Groups work together to assist you. Hang on! The next Group on the Word Home Tab/Ribbon is Styles. If you go back to Page 6 and glance at the Word, PowerPoint and Excel Home Tabs, you'll see that the right portion of a Tab is where the application selections change to fit the application.In Word you can now select a style from the Styles Group (image below). If you click the More arrow in the lower right corner of the Styles group, you will see additional choices. When you click the More arrow you will see an image similar to the one below. Notice that we are in Times New Roman – Normal. On the next page we'll show you one of the really, really neat new features in 2007 Office. Fasten your seatbelts! We're going to highlight this paragraph (when we have finished typing it). Then we're going to open the Styles Group.When the Group is open we'll move our cursor over the choices, and as we do, you'll see, in the images below, that the entire paragraph changes to that Style! We selected Sty Look le. And another†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Other Tabs/Ribbons – the text now appears! When you move to the other Tabs/Ribbons, you'll notice that they contain their own Groups – associated with that Tab. The Insert Tab/Ribbon (below) has logical â€Å"things† that you would insert into a document – Shapes, Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Headers/Footers, Text and Symbols.Again, depending on your choices, many selections allow you to â€Å"preview' what youVe highlighted – similar to the two illustrations above. It is suggested t hat you click the Tabs/Ribbons in each application you'll be using to get a â€Å"feel† for them. The Page Layout Tab/Ribbon also has logical selections – Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange. The References Tab/Ribbon will really come in handy for those publishing long documents, articles or books – Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table of Authorities.The Mailings Tab/Ribbon lets you work with Envelops, Labels, Mail Merge, Fields and Preview. It includes Create, Start Mail Merge, Write and Insert Fields, Preview Results and Finish. The Review Tab/Ribbon has the Proofing Tools, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare and Protect features. The View Tab [Ribbon allows you to change the document Views, do now ide, Zoom and arrange your Windows. This gives you a â€Å"feel† for how the Tabs/Ribbons work in Word 2007. Again, it would be prudent to look at the other 2007 Office applications you wil l be using – to get a similar sense for these new features.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1127 Words

All members of society have experienced some sort of traumatic event within their lifetime or even have had a family member or friend experience one. Most of society can move on from the traumatic event with little to no problems while many others have not. The people that have not been able to move on may suffer from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD or some other similar stress-related disorder. Our society should be more educated on the disorder, its symptoms, and its treatments so we can better help people suffering with the disorder. So, what is the definition of PTSD? Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is the stress related disorder that may develop after experiencing a traumatic event or multiple traumatic events such as war. The characteristics of a traumatic event are its capacity to provoke fear, helplessness, or horror in response to the threat or death. (Yehuda, 2002, p. 108) Anyone who may be exposed to a traumatic event are at an elevated risk for developing PTSD as well as many other psychiatric issues such as major depression, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. (Yehuda, 2002, p.108) These patients may also have symptoms of physical illnesses in particular hypertension or high blood pressure, asthma, and chronic pain. (Yehuda, 2002, p.108) There are specific diagnostic criteria that must be met in order to be diagnosed with PTSD. A patient must have been exposed to an extreme stressor or traumatic event where heShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. 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We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

Muslim Spain (711-1492) - 8971 Words

Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the Arabs and Moors of al-Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture,†¦show more content†¦Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straight of Gibraltar at first with the sole intention of avenging king Roderic for the crime he committed. However, because of the weakness of the kingdom due to civil war, Tariq opted to continu e his occupation of Roderics entire empire. Another theory for the occupation by the Arab Muslims of Spain is that because of their persecution, the Jews called upon their contacts in North Africa, who in turn encouraged the able Arabs to capture Spain. This allowed the Almoravids and the Almohads to establish themselves in Spain.Nevertheless, without a doubt, the Jews supported and welcomed Muslims in Spain because they were great beneficiaries under Muslim rule. Rule The majority of the Army as well as commander Tariq himself were not Arab but Islamic Berbers, and in timeIslamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen and Syria came to live in the Iberian peninsula.The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula Al-Andalus, which some say means Paradise. That was the rootfor the name of the present-day region of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. For a time, the area that is today Spain and Portugal was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summitwith the Umayyad Caliphate in the 10th century.Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules. Muslim Spain had the following chronological phases: †¢ The EmirateShow MoreRelatedA Disappeared World By Chris Lowney1545 Words   |  7 Pages A vanished World written by Chris Lowney chronicles the daily life of the Jews, Muslims and Christians, living in the Muslim kingdoms in Medieval Spain. He covers different spectrum of this world that was torn by religious antagonism. In Medieval Spain, in the medieval Spanish villages Muslims, Christians, and Jews rubbed shoulders on a daily basis. They shared irrigation system, bathhouses, municipal ovens, and marketplaces. But they created a system that made everything work efficiently. MedievalRead MoreThe Fall Of The Moors1783 Words   |  8 PagesName Class DR. 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He covers different spectrum of this world that was torn by religious antagonism. In Medieval Spain, in the medieval Spanish villages Muslims, Christians, and Jews rubbed shoulders on a daily basis. They shared irrigation system, bathhouses, municipal ovens, and marketplaces. But they created a systemRead MoreSpanish Reconquista And The Formation Of Spanish National Identity1654 Words   |  7 Pages During the times the Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Muslims and was called Al-Andalus, Christians, Jews and Muslims coexisted in harmony in the Caliphates. However, the understanding of Spain as it is understood today did not exist. It was because of the Christianisation of the peninsula and the Reconquista that Iberia was reimagined as something more similar to what we understand today as Spain and Portugal. In this essay I intend to explain how this happened, which historicalRead MoreThe Spanish Reconquista2625 Words   |  11 PagesSpain has always been a melting pot of ethnicity and culture. From the Celts and Visigoths that came from the north to the Africans and Arabs from the south to the Romans from the East, empires, kingdoms, and tribes all over the world have recognized and tried to take advantage of the benefits of Spain. War, conquest, and reconquest are frequent throughout the entire history of Spain, and the history of Moors in Spain is no exception. It began in t he year 711 when the Moors first crossed over toRead MoreThe World And Empires By Anthony Pagden1150 Words   |  5 Pages The Story of the Moors in Spain Stanley Lane-Poole’s novel, The Story of the Moors in Spain, was originally published in 1886, just shortly after the occupation of Egypt by the British occurred in 1882. However, our edition of the novel was republished in 2012. Lane-Poole was scholar of Islamic history during the 19th century, and he started this story off by describing a beautiful, and exceedingly advanced city known as Cordova, which was founded in Moslem Spain. He explains in detail how theRead MoreIntro and historical context Spain is in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula and is1100 Words   |  5 Pageshistorical context Spain is in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula and is currently ruled by Mariano Rajoy since December 21st, 2011. Spain is a sovereign state and a member state of the European Union. Spain is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union. Spain is Famous for their Bullfights festival of tomatoes and so much more. Each one of these things resembles a certain part of Spanish culture. Bullfights in Spain first started in 711-1492 A.D. Spanish knightsRead MoreSpanish Culture : Spain s Culture1629 Words   |  7 PagesSpain s culture. Spain dominated the culture of the Roman Empire began to be formed in the Iberian Peninsula cultural form. In addition to language and religion, the influence of the Romans keeping up Spain across numerous areas of impact. But Spain s unique cultural progress made since the Foundation began to be rekongkiseuta. Muslim culture is a significant influence in the culture of Spain and its influence until the preserved 711 ~ 1400 years. Spanish is Latin and Arabic influences, while